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The 1973 Israeli raid on Lebanon (known as Operation ''Spring of Youth'', part of Operation ''Wrath of God'') took place on the night of April 9 and early morning of April 10, 1973, when Israel Defense Forces special forces units attacked several Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) targets in Beirut and Sidon, Lebanon.〔(J. Bowyer Bell, Irving Louis Horowitz (2005) ''Assassin: Theory and Practice of Political Violence'', pp137, Transaction Publishers, ISBN 1-4128-0509-0 ) Retrieved May 4, 2010.〕 The operation is generally considered to be part of the retaliation for the Munich massacre at the Summer Olympics in 1972. The Israeli troops arrived at the Lebanese beaches in speedboats launched from missile boats offshore. Mossad agents awaited the forces on the beaches with cars rented the previous day, and then drove them to their targets and later back to the beaches for extraction. During the operation, three of the highest-level PLO leaders, surprised at home, were killed, along with other PLO members. Several Lebanese security people and civilian neighbors were also killed. Two Israeli soldiers were killed. ==Background== In February 1973, Ehud Barak, the then commander of the elite Sayeret Matkal unit, obtained photographs and precise information on the whereabouts of three senior PLO leaders: * Muhammad Youssef al-Najjar (Abu Youssef) – an operations leader in Black September, the group responsible for the 1972 Munich massacre. He was also a PLO veteran, previously head of the Lebanese Fatah branches, head of Fatah internal intelligence organization. His latest duties were head of the PLO's political department and one of Yasser Arafat's deputies (third in line of Fatah's leadership). * Kamal Adwan – a PLO chief of operations, responsible for armed attacks against Israeli targets. * Kamal Nasser – a poet, PLO spokesman and member of the PLO Executive Committee.〔Alan Hart, ''Arafat, Terrorist or Peacemaker?''. London: Sidgwick & Jackson, 1984, pp. 361–63. ISBN 978-0-283-99008-3. Quotes Abu Iyad on the killing of Kamal Nasser: "Because Kamal was our spokesman they finished him off by spraying bullets around his mouth. And before they left the Israelis laid out his body as though he was hanging on a cross." (was a Christian ).〕 The men lived in a pair of seven-story buildings in the fashionable neighborhood of Verdun in West Beirut. These buildings were residential housing for both British and Italian families along with Arab families. One building housed Al-Najjar, and a building across the street housed Adwan and Nasser. Barak and his team immediately began planning an operation to kill them. The final plan was to land operatives from navy ships on the Lebanese coast who would infiltrate into Lebanon disguised as tourists. Some of the commandos were to be disguised as women (Barak was disguised as a brunette woman). Before the mission, the forces trained using similar apartments in northern Tel Aviv. They also practiced cross-dressing and walking around disguised as lovers.〔https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/History/opspring.html〕〔Jean Genet, ''Prisoner of Love''. London: Pan Books, 1989, pp. 157-61. ISBN 0-330-29962-X. Guards later describd the attackers who killed Kamal Adwan as: "two English-speaking hippies with fair curly hair ...their arms around one another's necks, laughing and exchanging kisses...The guards shouted insults at the two shocking queers... etc".〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「1973 Israeli raid on Lebanon」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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